Characteristics of neutrons (bilingua Sepedi / English)

 

Characteristics of neutrons https://nmi3.eu/neutron-research/characteristics-of-neutrons.html	Diponagalo tša dinyutrone
Neutrons are electrically neutral but have a spin, or magnetic moment, so they are sensitive to magnetic sources in condensed matter and can provide images of magnetic structure. Neutrons have the ability to deeply penetrate matter, they interact with nuclei and neutrons – unlike X-rays – can distinguish light elements such as hydrogen.	Dinyutrone  ka mohlagase eupša di na le go dikologa, goba motsotso wa makenete, ka gona tšona di kgopišwa kudu  go methopo ya makenete ka gare ga dilo tše di khutsofaditšwego gomme di ka nea diswantšho tša sebopego sa makenete. Dinyutrone di na le bokgoni bja go tsenelela ka gare ga selo, di dirišana le dithapo gomme dinyutrone – go fapana le mahlasedi a X– di ka hlaola dielemente tša bofefo tša go swana le haetrotšene.
Below we present 5 characteristics of neutrons, and 5 good reasons to use them for research.	Ka tlase re tšweletša diponagalo tše 5 tša dinyutrone, le mabaka a 5 a mabotse a go di diriša bakeng sa nyakišišo.
Electrically neutral, they can go deep into matter Neutrons are non-destructive and can penetrate deep into matter. This makes them an ideal probe for biological materials and samples under extreme conditions of pressure, temperature, magnetic field or within chemical reaction vessels.	Di magareng ka mohlagase, di ka tsena ka gare-gare ga dilo Dinyutrone ga di senye gomme di ka tsenelela ka gare-gare ga dilo. Se se dirang gore e be sedirišwa se se loketšego ya didirišwa tša thutaphedi le disampole ka fase ga maemo a feteletšego a kgatelelo, themperetšha, tšhemo ya makenete goba ka gare ga dibjana tša karabelo ya dikhemikhale.
Microscopically magnetic, they can show magnetism Because they possess a magnetic dipole moment, neutrons are sensitive to magnetic fields generated by unpaired electrons in materials, and they can be used to analyse the magnetic properties of materials, at the atomic scale. In addition, the scattering power of a neutron off an atomic nucleus depends on the orientation of the neutron and the spin of the atomic nuclei in a sample. This makes the neutron a powerful instrument for detecting the nuclear spin order	Ka maekerosekopo makenete, di ka bontšha bomakenete   Ka ge di na le motsotso wa makenete wa dikotapedi, dinyutrone di kgopišwa kudu  go mafelo a makenete ao a tšweletšwago ke dielektherone tšeo di sa kopanywago ka gare ga didirišwa, gomme di ka dirišetšwa go sekaseka dithoto tša makenete tša didirišwa, ka tekanyo ya athomo. Go oketša moo, maatla a go phatlalatša a nyutrone go tšwa go thapo ya athomo a ithekgile ka go sekamelwa ga nyutrone le go dikologa ga dithapo tša athomo mohlaleng. Se se dira gore nyutrone e be sedirišwa se maatla sa go lemoga tatelano ya go dikologa ga thapo.
Their Ångstrom wavelengths can show structure Neutron wavelengths range from 0.1 Å to 1000 Å, which is comparable to the distance of neighbouring atoms in solid matter. This makes them an ideal probe of atomic and molecular structures, be they single atomic species or complex biopolymers. Like water waves at a barrier, neutrons are diffracted by the ordered atoms of a crystal. The neutron diffraction angle is a sensitive measure for the distance of the atoms within the crystal and therefore can give us information on the localisation of the atoms.	Bolelele bja maphoto bja bona bja Ångstrom bo ka bontša sebopego Maphotomatelele a nyutrone bo tloga go 0.1 Å go ya go 1000 Å, yeo e bapetšwago le sekgala sa diathomo tša kgauswi ka gare ga dilo tše di tiilego. Se se dira gore e be senyakišiši se se swanetšego sa dibopego tša athomo le tša dimolekhule, e ka ba mehuta e tee ya athomo goba dibiopolymer tše di raraganego. Go swana le maphoto a meetse ao a lego lephekong, dinyutrone di kobegile ke diathomo tše di laetšwego tša khristale. Khutlo ya kobego ya nyutrone ke tekanyo e kgopišwa kudu bokgole bja diathomo ka gare ga khristale gomme ka fao e ka re fa tshedimošo ka ga go bewa ga diathomo.
Their energies of millielectronvolts can show motion The energies of neutrons are of the same magnitude as the diffusive motion in solids and liquids, the coherent waves in single crystals (phonons and magnons), and the vibrational modes in molecules. It is easy to detect any exchange of energy between a sample of between 1 microeV (even 1 neV with spin-echo) and 1eV and an incoming neutron.	Mafolofolo a bona a divolt tše milli tša dielektherone a ka bontša mosepelo Mafolofolo a dinyutrone ke a bogolo bjo bo swanago le bja mosepelo wa go phatlalatša dilong dithateng le dieleng, maphoto ao a kgokaganego ka gare ga dikhristale tše tee (di- phonon le di- magnon) le mekgwa ya go thothomela dimolekule. Go bonolo go lemoga phapantšho efe goba efe ya maatla magareng ga sampole ya magareng ga 1microeV (gaešita le 1 neV ka spin-echo) le 1eV le nyutrone ye e tsenago.
Randomly sensitive, they can show hydrogen atoms With neutrons, the variation in scattering power from one nucleus to another within a crystal varies in a quasi-random manner. This means that lighter atoms are visible despite the presence of heavier atoms, and neighbouring atoms may be distinguished from each other. In addition, contrast can be varied in certain samples using isotopic substitution (for example D for H, or one nickel isotope for another); specific structural features can thus be highlighted. The neutron is particularly sensitive to hydrogen atoms; it is therefore a powerful probe of hydrogen storage materials, organic molecular materials, and biomolecular samples or polymers.	Go kgopišwa kudu ka go se kgethe, di ka bontšha diathomo tša haetrotšene Ka dinyutrone, go fapana ga maatla a go phatlalatša go tšwa go thapo e nngwe go ya go e nngwe ka gare ga khristale go fapana ka mokgwa wa go swana le wa go se kgethe. Se se bolela gore diathomo tše bofefo di a bonagala go sa šetšwe go ba gona ga diathomo tše boima, gomme diathomo tša kgaufsi di ka hlaolwa go e nngwe le e nngwe. Go tlaleletša, phapano e ka fapana ka disampole tše itšego ka go šomiša go tšea legato ga isotope (mohlala D bakeng sa H, goba isotope e tee ya nikele bakeng sa e nngwe); ka go rialo diponagalo tše itšego tša sebopego di ka tšweletšwa. Nyutrone di kgopišwa kudu go diathomo tša haetrotšene; ka gona ke nyakišišo e maatla ya didirišwa tša go boloka haetrotšene, didirišwa tša dimolekule tša diphedi le dišupo tša dimolekule tša diphedi goba dipolimere.